Gre All Possible Essay Topics Ideas

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Research Paper Topics in Midwifery

Research Paper Topics in MidwiferyThe vast majority of midwives have very few research paper topics in their areas of specialty. These topics are always a hard decision to make for those who want to do midwifery because there are so many important areas of study that are very important in the practice of midwifery. However, there are some topics that are just as important and can also offer great content in research papers.Research paper topics in midwifery should discuss issues that focus on the care of new moms, whether they be doing deliveries or birthing, and after birth health care. This is the area that should be most written about because it is the one area that the midwife will be most likely to interact with her patients on a daily basis. She will be talking to the mother, and she will be looking at the baby with them. This will give her the best opportunity to collect data for the study.The midwife will also be caring for the babies that are born, whether it is Cesarean or VBAC, and general care. Midwives also will take care of the neonates and newborns when they are born. They are also responsible for looking after all aspects of the care of the infant from birth to home care.There is research that shows that midwives need to be trained on how to administer emergency Cesarean section or vaginal birth. This means that the midwife should be able to work together with the doctor to help with this process. As well, midwives need to have the education and background to know how to get the right fetal heart rate monitor for the mother and the right equipment for monitoring the newborn. All of these factors are necessary when it comes to giving the best care possible.There is also research that shows that new mothers may need more of a change in diet than others who choose not to have a baby. There are people who have had surgery, Cesarean, premature babies, and other difficulties that may occur during the course of their pregnancy that will require them to modify their diet. For example, if they had Cesarean, there will be some amount of alcohol and other processed foods that should be removed and substituted with fresh produce, and low fat dairy products. However, when they do not have to have a Cesarean, the types of food that they should be eating are more likely to be more plant based and low in fat.Other research paper topics in midwifery that midwives should write about include the proper time to deliver the baby, the risks involved with being overweight or underweight, and how women adjust to their new roles as a parent, a nurse, and a health care provider. In addition, there is information about what changes need to be made to the maternity care team and the educational programs that are available for midwives. All of this information can be included in research papers that midwives must write.When it comes to delivering babies, there are some issues that midwives need to talk about and can write about. First, if the mother h as diabetes or high blood pressure, it is important for the midwife to know what her care plan is before the delivery because the diabetes or high blood pressure could be an issue during the delivery. Also, the birthing process itself is unique and may not be something that has been studied in the same fashion before.Research paper topics in midwifery will vary and are usually based on the area of the study that is chosen. However, the topics that midwives should focus on are the type of care that the midwife should provide, the risks involved, and what changes in diet may be necessary to maintain the baby's health. This can help them to become better educated and better prepared for what they may face in this process.

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Discuss the various roles of social work which need to be employed in addressing ‘transphobia’ Free Essays

string(200) " the development of initial recommendations to the Parliamentary Forum, which resulted in the ‘Report of Interdepartmental Working Group Transsexual People’ in April 2000 \(Home Office\)\." Transphobia is a recent phenomenon in the forum of Social Work and inequalities; a term that’s tagged on at the end of the line of inequalities faced by people from the differing community factions that don’t fit into the mould of societal norms of traditionally white, patriarchal expectations. Despite the profusion of papers on wider transgender issues, there is a paucity of research discussing Social Worker and Mental Health practitioner interventions and their considered roles; this is given the emergence of trans issues in the UK thus highlighting the nascent need for debate. Consideration has to be given to the conflicts that exist on the use of the transgender label, and specifically how it fits in with existence of the bi-polar binary gender system (Monro 2002); practitioners ought to consider a wider remit that includes not just the traditionally considered core elements of transsexual and transvestite people, but notably, the three different spheres of transgenderism which embraces those who are biologically, socially or morphologically transgendered (Laframbiose 2003), moreover, the realisation that the philosophies and politics behind the issues of transgenderism no longer belongs to a small community that practitioners will rarely come across in their careers, but instead on a daily basis to a whole range of individuals that do not adopt society’s typically patriarchal expectations of male and female, including those that fit outside the bi-polar gender binary system but who do not adopt the trans label. We will write a custom essay sample on Discuss the various roles of social work which need to be employed in addressing ‘transphobia’ or any similar topic only for you Order Now The new reality that practitioners face is that, daily, there is increasing potential of working with individuals who deviate from the traditional notion of gender binaries, including those people who arguably deviate to a trans role, but who don’t adopt the label though non-the-less experience transphobia; a contradiction in terms requiring pause for constructive reflection. Initial stages of practitioner intervention In order to ascertain practitioner roles, there is a need for full appreciation of the barriers in conforming to the norms of the wider society in general. Traditional psychological paradigms are starting to move with mental health providers working towards de-pathologising trans individuals as having ‘normal’ mental health (Cole and Meyer, 1998 in Raj, 2002); the inference here is that transgender is not a psychological problem, but more that the problem is handed over to individuals in society who fail to recognise the unconventional variations of gender roles and identity; a similar pattern follows with the social model of disability, which argues that it isn’t the impairments that causes the problems of disability, but that the responsibility for disability is placed squarely on society (Oliver, 1990); I argue that this lateral notion is no different, perhaps pioneering a new definition and need for nascent debate for a ‘Social Model of Transgenderismâ⠂¬â„¢. Practitioners should adopt clear aims to apply the ‘core values’ of Social Work (Thompson, 2000), thus ensuring they work within an anti-oppressive framework which empowers trans individuals to access a range of services to which they are entitled. According to observations by Raj (2002), there is the requirement to express an attitude that is respectful, sensitive, accepting, validating, affirming, empathic, caring, compassionate, encouraging, supportive, and mutually trusting and trustworthy; the Social Model notion mentioned earlier would benefit the relationship between the ‘service provider and customer’; Raj goes on to add that this approach ensures an honest negotiation for services that is informed by a mutual contract of respect and trust for each other; this is currently negated by the specific experiences of transsexual people in the UK who are subjected to various hoops to obtain the treatments they desire, as according to Eyre in her work for Charing Cross, she advises the need for gender identity clinics to become more client focused (1999), signifying that potential conflicts still exist between professionals and differing trans client groups who fear personally negative outcomes of practitioner interventions, an issue that should to be addressed to ensure that the needs of transgender people are being considered appropriately and respectfully. Roles within practitioner intervention The three main areas of work with which practitioners are concerned with are to work effectively and efficiently with trans individuals following standards of conduct laid down by the GSCC (2002), to work effectively with the agencies who can assist trans people and thirdly, to use a pertinent role enabling individuals to move forward with their lives, roles that are important to enable individuals contend with feelings of despair and a lack of self worth, some even attempt suicide; furthermore, according to Monro (2000), she broadly writes; ‘Economic exclusion is one example of transphobia, unless gender ambiguous people are able to successfully ‘pass’ as male or female, are frequently victims of violence and abuse and like intersex people, are socially invisible with hardly any representation in the media, social policy and sexual minorities, and lack service provision in areas such as education, the family and the penal system.’ If trans people regularly experience these ranges of prejudices, the urgency becomes clear for practitioners to engage trans individuals in resolving these injustices, therefore facilitating their rightful integration as equal citizens; furthermore, the ‘National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors’ indicates that not all trans individuals are at the same stage of self-acceptance and identity development (1999); this suggests that there are issues to be addressed in terms of trans people’s comfort levels in coming out and disclosing their minority status. Any practitioner’s intervention should assess for individual’s development in terms of their mental health, stress levels, self concept and access to social supports. Recognising that discrimination against trans people is pervasive in this society (T.A.P. 1999), practitioners are faced with issues of prejudices experienced on a daily basis by individuals which includes being denied housing, employment, medical treatment, legal protection or some aspects of ‘hate crime’ in the community. During 1999, transsexual individuals met with key figures at a local health authority to look at patient’s clinical needs as they would for any other group (PFC, 1999); this experience contributed to the development of initial recommendations to the Parliamentary Forum, which resulted in the ‘Report of Interdepartmental Working Group Transsexual People’ in April 2000 (Home Office). You read "Discuss the various roles of social work which need to be employed in addressing ‘transphobia’" in category "Papers" This experience simply highlights how by acting in a significant ‘activist’ role and engaging individuals in small, localised issues of concern, can prove to be a stimulating and empowering experience and shows how such efforts by trans people can be used to good effect in proposals for a national governmental initiative thus helping to further break down the barriers of transphobia. As ‘advocates’, it is essential to recognise the difficult positions that some trans individuals find themselves. Given that advocacy is something we approach others to take on board (Scottish Executive 2002) trans people become vulnerable as a result of the transphobic prejudices they face whether on a national scale via bad media experiences, or more directly from incidents within the local community. Some trans people do not have the close connections of friends and family to give the support that is required. The practitioner’s role in this case would be to ensure that trans individuals have a facility to speak out so that their views and feelings can be expressed in a safe environment without prejudice, and being an effective advocate that sees things from a trans persons perspective can empower individuals to make their own decisions, work a way forward and make some waves to resolve their difficulties. This has to be done on their terms and allows them to be in control of the whole process; for example, it is easy for advocates to do everything on an individual’s behalf, though is it only true advocacy if the trans individual was given the power to decide whether the practitioner acts on their behalf, or acts as an influential professional enabling the individual to do things for themselves. Practitioners effectively act as the link between individuals and the agencies and resources available to them. An example of the work of a ‘broker’ is perhaps that of the financial advisor, familiar with the availability of financial packages; in this respect, the practitioner needs to have a very clear knowledge of the agencies, services and packages available to the trans individual. Despite scant resources, there are important organisations including, but not limited to, the Gender Trust, Beaumont Society, GIRES and PFC, each offering specific roles to trans people. One of the aims of GIRES (2003), is to provide education on gender identity issues; they offer financial support for the educational work carried on at local level by trans people who are unemployed or on low incomes. Understanding the eligibility of these funding resources is just as important as realising the different target groups that each of the remaining organisations are aimed at. In carrying out day to day work, the ‘Trans-Yorks Project (2003) gives inspirational examples of work undertaken by trans people within Yorkshire and Humberside; Trans-Yorks is an organisation run for and by trans people, though needless to say, many lessons can be learnt from observing a project giving ideas for practitioners to take on board in other areas. The founding ‘coordinator’ also acted as the ‘initiator’ who was responsible for bringing together the components of the voluntary organisation in so many different ways, which ranged from providing a telephone support helpline, discussion e-mail list, resourceful website, newsletter, information library, fundraising and social events. What resulted was the development of a constitution and a committee of trans people charged with the daily running of the groups’ activities forging what is a forward thinking voluntary organisation which empowers local trans people to partake in the wider community and raise their own sense of identity, confidence and self esteem. Much can be learned here in developing the same resources elsewhere in the UK. ‘Educating’ others about the issues of transphobia and trans lifestyles requires practitioners to become fully informed; they need to be ‘knowledgeable’ in order to be effective, and can certainly provide a useful role in highlighting to trans individuals that the problems they have may well not be of their doing; certainly, being ‘told’ that they have been the subjects of ‘victimisation’, ‘bullying’ and ‘harassment’ can be empowering, and moreover, engages individuals to realise that there are acts, resources and agencies that can assist in overcoming the problems they face. An example is that the Protection from Harassment Act (1997) can be a powerful tool in engaging the individual with their local police force to resolve issues of ‘hate’ crimes that have been made against them. Issues arise if the practitioner is not able to communicate this information effectively so that it is easily understood. Practitioners are often engaged in an ‘Enabler’ role with individuals; enabling a trans individual to cope with ‘transitional’ stress from one gender to another, in being able to come to terms with, find and accept their own sense of gender identity, along with developing their place in the community is an important role to acknowledge. CCETSW (in Thompson 2000) explained the process of ensuring people have opportunities to explore their own strengths, and then break down the problems that they have into components so that they could be tackled more easily; this process will generally include establishing some aims and goals such as ascertaining access to education, obtaining and maintaining work, or simply finding new friends in the local community. Issues arise in overcoming trans people’s sense of poor self esteem and confidence, and so counselling skills formed from social work theories can be used in collaboration with other agencies and community projects, proving of benefit to the trans individual. It is worth noting that the majority of trans people, once they have settled their identity along the gender spectrum, often feel quite happy and contribute to society; however, there are some individuals who would benefit from being informed about the benefits of social work interventions at a level that best suits them, but which does not oppress them into an interventionists ‘contract’. A key task for practitioners is being involved with facilitating activities with local client groups, thus encouraging people to bring their ideas together either in brainstorming sessions, or opportunities that contribute to policy development or new initiatives to benefit the trans community and self defined by the group itself. As the ‘facilitator’ in these situations, the essential part of a regular role for practitioners. According to Iowa State University (1992), developing a partnership of trust and ensuring everyone is fully involved in unity to achieve an agreed objective is the most essential task. This is a process that worked very well for Bockting et al (1999) who were charged with the task of getting together community representatives to develop an educational HIV prevention package for transgender people; the effective facilitation of this project resulted in increased partnership which led to a more effective campaign working towards promoting better health amongst transgender people. As in any other community, conflicts and problems do arise, and one of the key practitioner roles in any case is that of ‘mediation’ in order to resolve conflicts and problems not just for the trans individuals, but also those closely related to them; one example specifically relates to a call in mediation in relation to trans parents, their partners and their children and often, Social Work practitioners are called in by the Children’s a Families section to make an assessment in terms of The Children Act 1989 and the Family Law Act 1996. According to Press for Change (2002) when a custody battle develops, the courts reluctantly award custody to the trans parent thus frequently place very severe restrictions on access, sometimes wholly forbidding access; this relates well with the fact that s.1 of The Children Act (1989) considers the interests of the child as being paramount and commonly, the trans birth parent will often feel oppressed and discriminated against; this is further compounded by the fact that the other parent and their social worker might assess that children could be disturbed by contact with a parent that has a trans identity. This therefore necessitates the role of mediation which enables the practitioner to educate and explain the situation to the close relations and friends to ensure contact is not lost and that access to their children is not prevented. In much of this, the role of ‘negotiator’ is often called for, and is not dissimilar to that of the neutral mediator. Getting a consensus even between the different factions of the trans community, and the agencies charged with providing a service to them does involve fighting for a middle ground that all sides can settle down to in order to achieve a consensus between all sides; the question is, just what is there to negotiate? A look back on all the different roles that practitioners play will reveal the deep seated transphobia that trans people face in their lives, and in every aspect of intervention with trans people will mean coming to the bargaining table to achieve the one thing that trans people seek to achieve, a sense of fairness, justice and most all, the right to equality and respect. Conclusion Raj (2002) made some important recommendations in working towards an overall goal of providing a ‘transpositive and therapeutic’ approach that is ‘trans affirmative’ and which considers individual trans individuals using a ‘best fit’ approach; the suggestion here is that rather than perhaps working to a gender binary approach, that instead a reflexive role be taken on which accommodates and appreciates the needs of the specific gender that an individual feels to be, even if it doesn’t fit in with societal norms thus eliminating any opportunities for transphobia to occur in the relationship with practitioner and the individual Indeed, the practitioner can apply their role appropriately depending on the practice setting, and that the needs, wishes and feelings of the individual trans person are taken into consideration first and foremost, and certainly before those of the practitioner; Furthermore, the recommendations given by Raj are significant in that suggestions are given for ongoing professional development ensuring that practitioners are ‘aware’ of current trends and issues in transgenderism. Not only will such an approach ensure a more effective collaboration between practitioner and individual, but also assures the individual will not only receive the best quality professional response, but that the agency can report an increasingly value for money service which responds to, and is accepted by the trans community. How to cite Discuss the various roles of social work which need to be employed in addressing ‘transphobia’, Papers

To Attain His Ultimate Goal, Gandhi Had To Prove Worthy Of Its Rewards

To attain his ultimate goal, Gandhi had to prove worthy of its rewards. His most supreme objective was to induce British rule to calmly and peacefully leave India. He knew that the only way this could happen was if Britain began to respect his ideas and see that his belief truly was just. Gandhi spoke of nonviolent resistance as a method to help the opposing side see how they were committing sins. He knew that he would have to incite his fellow Indians to take the moral high road in the conflict with the British. In the movie he said, To gain independence, we must prove worthy of it. Martin Luther King, Jr. also encouraged his fellow African Americans with words that would make the white people see how deserving they were of equal treatment. King states in Stride Toward Freedom, I came to see early that the Christian doctrine of love operating through the Gandhian method of nonviolence was one of the most potent weapons available to the Negro in his struggle for freedom. (King, 85). Violence destroys a community. No one wants to live among violence, but people still commit brutal acts everyday. Gandhi and King both recognized the inherent evil in all violence and worked to show its effects. King stated, ...if I respond to hate with a reciprocal hate I do nothing but intensify the cleavage in broken society. (King, 106). What he means is that violence is detrimental to our happiness, and only by meeting hate with love can we help to mend its damage. Gandhi proves this point by saying, An eye for an eye only makes the whole world blind. Not only is this statement true concerning our reaction to others' sins, but it also shows us that by hating others we are mostly hurting ourselves. Gandhi believed in his fight. He had faith that he could help India achieve independence. He knew that if Indians remained nonviolent and forgave the British, they would someday be rewarded. He stated his confidence in the movie by saying, We will continue to provoke until we win. They aren't in control. I am.

Free Essays on The Story Of An Hour-character Analysis

Is Richards more than a concerned friend? In Chopin’s â€Å"Story of an Hour† I have decided to analyze Richards and Mrs. Mallard. I believe that the story may have led the reader to assume there might be a relationship between them. Although I may not be able to prove this I feel that can raise certain questions that might arouse suspicion. I feel that there is more of a relationship than a friendship between the two. When Richrds heard the news of Bently Mallard’s death, he double-checked the telegram. Was this to ensure himself it was true? Or perhaps to make sure before he went to Mrs. Mallard? I feel like he was excited or anxious about the news that his lover’s husband was now out of the picture. Richards wanted to get to her before anyone else. Did he want to let her know that they could finally be together, or as the story told â€Å"he hastened to forestall any less careful, less tender friend in bearing sad message.†(Chopin 33)? Either way, it seemed odd that he would not want her family to be with her for support, rather than to let her receive the news alone. A family member seems better suited to attend to a widow who has just found out her husband died, rather than a â€Å"friend of the family†, which the author made Richards out to be. Mrs. Mallard’s emotions or lack of proper emotions, to the news of her husband’s demise seemed to support the idea of an extramarital relationship. â€Å". . . she went away to her room alone. She would have no one follow her.†(Chopin 33) Was this so no one could witness her excitement over Mr. Mallards death, so they did not see her rejoice at the possibility of being released from the bonds of matrimony that had kept her prisoner? I felt that her chanting â€Å"free, free, free† (Chopin 34) said to the reader that she was free to be with Richards. She admits â€Å"And yet she had loved him . . . sometimes.†(Chopin 34), did she love him when she was not with Richar... Free Essays on The Story Of An Hour-character Analysis Free Essays on The Story Of An Hour-character Analysis Is Richards more than a concerned friend? In Chopin’s â€Å"Story of an Hour† I have decided to analyze Richards and Mrs. Mallard. I believe that the story may have led the reader to assume there might be a relationship between them. Although I may not be able to prove this I feel that can raise certain questions that might arouse suspicion. I feel that there is more of a relationship than a friendship between the two. When Richrds heard the news of Bently Mallard’s death, he double-checked the telegram. Was this to ensure himself it was true? Or perhaps to make sure before he went to Mrs. Mallard? I feel like he was excited or anxious about the news that his lover’s husband was now out of the picture. Richards wanted to get to her before anyone else. Did he want to let her know that they could finally be together, or as the story told â€Å"he hastened to forestall any less careful, less tender friend in bearing sad message.†(Chopin 33)? Either way, it seemed odd that he would not want her family to be with her for support, rather than to let her receive the news alone. A family member seems better suited to attend to a widow who has just found out her husband died, rather than a â€Å"friend of the family†, which the author made Richards out to be. Mrs. Mallard’s emotions or lack of proper emotions, to the news of her husband’s demise seemed to support the idea of an extramarital relationship. â€Å". . . she went away to her room alone. She would have no one follow her.†(Chopin 33) Was this so no one could witness her excitement over Mr. Mallards death, so they did not see her rejoice at the possibility of being released from the bonds of matrimony that had kept her prisoner? I felt that her chanting â€Å"free, free, free† (Chopin 34) said to the reader that she was free to be with Richards. She admits â€Å"And yet she had loved him . . . sometimes.†(Chopin 34), did she love him when she was not with Richar...

Interstate Highways

Interstate Highways An interstate highway is any highway built under the auspices of the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 and funded by the federal government. The idea for interstate highways came from Dwight D. Eisenhower after he saw the benefits of the Autobahn during wartime Germany. There are now over 42,000 miles of interstate highways in the United States. Eisenhowers Idea On July 7, 1919, a young army captain named Dwight David Eisenhower joined 294 other members of the army and departed from Washington D.C. in the militarys first automobile caravan across the country. Due to poor roads and highways, the caravan averaged five miles per hour and took 62 days to reach Union Square in San Francisco. At the end of World War II, General Dwight David Eisenhower surveyed the war damage to Germany and was impressed by the durability of the Autobahn. While a single bomb could make a train route useless, Germanys wide and modern highways could often be used immediately after being bombed because it was difficult to destroy such a wide swath of concrete or asphalt. These two experiences helped show President Eisenhower the importance of efficient highways. In the 1950s, America was frightened of nuclear attack by the Soviet Union (people were even building bomb shelters at home). It was thought that a modern interstate highway system could provide citizens with evacuation routes from the cities and would also allow the rapid movement of military equipment across the country. The Plan for Interstate Highways Within a year after Eisenhower became President in 1953, he began to push for a system of interstate highways across the United States. Although federal highways covered many areas of the country, the interstate highway plan would create 42,000 miles of limited-access and very modern highways. Eisenhower and his staff worked for two years to get the worlds largest public works project approved by Congress. On June 29, 1956, the Federal Aid Highway Act (FAHA) of 1956 was signed and the Interstates, as they would be known, began to spread across the landscape. Requirements for Each Interstate Highway The FAHA provided for federal funding of 90% of the cost of the Interstates, with the state contributing the remaining 10%. The standards for the Interstate Highways were highly regulated- lanes were required to be twelve feet wide, shoulders were ten feet wide, a minimum of fourteen feet of clearance under each bridge was required, grades had to be less than 3%, and the highway had to be designed for travel at 70 miles per hour. However, one of the most important aspects of the Interstate Highways was their limited access. Although prior federal or state highways allowed, for the most part, any road to be connected to the highway, the Interstate Highways only allowed access from a limited number of controlled interchanges. With over 42,000 miles of Interstate Highways, there were to be only 16,000 interchanges- less than one for every two miles of road. That was just an average; in some rural areas, there are dozens of miles between interchanges. The First and Last Stretches of Interstate Highway Completed Less than five months after the FAHA of 1956 was signed, the first stretch of Interstate opened in Topeka, Kansas. The eight-mile piece of highway opened on November 14, 1956. The plan for the Interstate Highway system was to complete all 42,000 miles within 16 years (by 1972.) Actually, it took 27 years to complete the system. The last link, Interstate 105 in Los Angeles, was not completed until 1993. Signs Along the Highway In 1957, the red, white, and blue shield symbol for the Interstates numbering system was developed. Two-digit Interstate Highways are numbered according to direction and location. Highways running north-south are odd numbered while highways running east-west are even numbered. The lowest numbers are in the west and in the south. Three-digit Interstate Highway numbers represent beltways or loops, attached to a primary Interstate Highway (represented by the last two numbers of the beltways number). Washington D.C.s beltway is numbered 495 because its parent highway is I-95. In the late 1950s, the signs displaying white lettering on a green background were made official. Specific motorist-testers drove along a special stretch of highway and voted on which color was their favorite- 15% liked white on black, 27% liked white on blue, but 58% liked white on green best. Why Does Hawaii Have Interstate Highways? Although Alaska has no Interstate Highways, Hawaii does. Since any highway built under the auspices of the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 and funded by the federal government is called an interstate highway, a highway does not have to cross state lines to count as one. In fact, there are many local routes that lie entirely within a single state funded by the Act. For example, on the island of Oahu are the Interstates H1, H2, and H3, which connect important military facilities on the island. Interstate Highway Urban Legend Some people believe that one mile out of every five on interstate highways is straight to serve as emergency airplane landing strips. According to Richard F. Weingroff, who works in the Federal Highway Administrations Office of Infrastructure, No law, regulation, policy, or sliver of red tape requires that one out of five miles of the Interstate Highway System must be straight. Weingroff says that its a complete hoax and urban legend that the Eisenhower Interstate Highway System requires that one mile in every five must be straight to be usable as airstrips in times of war or other emergencies. Besides, there are more overpasses and interchanges than there are miles in the system, so even if there were straight miles, planes attempting to land would quickly encounter an overpass on their runway. Side Effects of Interstate Highways The Interstate Highways that were created to help protect and defend the United States of America were also to be used for commerce and travel. Though no one could have predicted it, the Interstate Highway was a major impetus for in the development of suburbanization and sprawl of U.S. cities. While Eisenhower never desired the Interstates to pass through or reach into the major cities of the U.S., it happened, and along with the Interstates came the problems of congestion, smog, automobile dependency, drop in densities of urban areas, the decline of mass transit, and others. Can the damage produced by the Interstates be reversed? A great deal of change would be needed to bring it about.